Breast Cancer Causes, Signs And Symptoms And Risk Factors

LITERATURE REVIEW INTRODUCTION: This section is going to review literature on overview of breast cancer, its causes, signs and symptoms and risk factors. It will also look at literature on screening methods of breast cancer, particularly mammogram. OVERVIEW OF BREAST CANCER According to Rodney et al (2003), breast cancer is the commonly occurring cancer in women, responsible for one third of all malignancies in females. It is said to be the second to lung cancer as a cause of cancer mortality and has been found to be the leading cause of death for American women between the ages of 40 and 55 years. It has been noted that the incidence of breast cancer is highest in North America and Northern Europe and lowest in Asia and Africa (Rodney et†¦show more content†¦(Galukande et al, 2010) In USA in the year 2015, 232 000 women were newly diagnosed with breast cancer and 40 000 women died of it. It has been also noted that the risk of breast cancer increases with age and women between the ages of 55 and 64 are most frequently diagnosed with breast cancer. The most common age of death for breast cancer is 68 years. (US preventive services task force, 2016.) Breast cancer represents 10% of all cancers diagnosed worldwide annually and constituted 22% of all new cancers in women in 2000 making it by far the most common cancer in women. CAUSES OF BREAST CANCER The causes of breast cancer are not understood thus making it a bit difficult to tell why people develop breast cancer. Age contributes in causing breast cancer and it is common amongst women over the age of 50 years who have gone through menopause. If you had close relatives that had breast cancer in the past then there are high chances that you develop breast cancer. Previous diagnosis of breast cancer is when you had breast cancer before and you were diagnosed, you have a high risk of developing breast cancer again either on your other breast or the same breast. Being obese or overweight may cause breast cancer because of the amount of oestrogen in the body. If you are taller than the average, you are likely to develop breast cancer because it may be caused by interactions between the genes and

Animal Testing Should Continue - 882 Words

There are many valid reasons why we should continue testing on animals. The life of a human is ultimately more valuable than that of an animal. Without animal research, there would not be the medication as we know it today. Animal testing has enabled science to progress and find treatments for viruses, produce antibiotics for some of the deadly disease, infections as well as preventatives in a form of developing vaccines to cure diseases. Moreover, the factor of moral obligations entreat the facts that there are excessive structures with laws in place to protect the animal from being abuse and mistreated, as all animal testing proposals must be approved by an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. According to animal testing ProCon,†¦show more content†¦Within few months of the vaccine being introduced there has been a rapid decrease of infections by 70 percent. (www.indiana.edu) Therefore, animal experiments are a vital role in the research of medication. The topic has ethical and moral aspects, as animals are genetically like us, thru can substitute for testing substances. In addition, in 1965 the local and state laws of the guideline in animal experiment were structured by the federal Animal Welfare Act (AWA) to instructing a strict minimum housing standard for the research animal including access to clean food and water, enclosure size, temperature and others. The AWA is closely inspected by the veterinarians. (animal-testing.procon.org) According to the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, the University of Maryland Baltimore Country believes that the responsibility of laboratory is essential in animal research to prevent and develop treatment of human and animal disease, â€Å"We affirm the moral obligation of our scientists to carry out this research on behalf of mankind and animals. Millions of Americans are alive today, and live healthier and more productive lives because our nations health care professionals are able to employ safe and effective treatments including vaccines, surgical procedures, drug therapies and other valuable therapeutic methods developed with animal research.†. (www.umbc.edu) These advancements in the field of animalShow MoreRelatedAnimal Testing And Why It Should Continue1390 Words   |  6 PagesIsaiah Tuppince Mr. Greer English 2 October 21st, 2015 Animal Testing and Why It Should Continue Jeremy Bentham once said, â€Å"The question is not, ‘Can they reason?’ nor, ‘Can they talk?’ but ‘Can they suffer?’† Animal testing is becoming a conflict right now and I believe that Animal testing should be stopped because it is cruel and inhuman, Alternative testing technologies exist, the lack of reliability, and it is expensive. Another quote once said was by Martin Luther King Jr stating â€Å"Never, neverRead MoreAnimal Testing And The World Of Scientific Research1746 Words   |  7 PagesAnimals used in laboratories dates as far back as the 17th century (Unknown, 2015)6. When I first read this statistic, it was surprising because the amount of time testing has been around really makes one think about the advancements made because of that. Due to the amount of time animal testing has been around, two general groups have formed in response to this. The people advocating for it are commonly part of the science community or anyone that supports what science hopes to accomplish and thenRead MorePros And Cons Of Animal Testing905 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal testing has been the target of animal cruelty groups since the beginning of its existence, but the benefits it provides, humans and animals far greater than the type of method that is used to get the results. Scientists Karl Landsteiner’s success in finding a cure to polio is an example of how the benefits of animal testing helped better future human lives. In his experiments he discovered that Polio viruses had three variations, meaning that they would have to produce a product that couldRead MorePersuasive essay against animal testing764 Words   |  4 Pagesagainst Animal Testing Abraham Lincoln once said, â€Å"I am in favour of animal rights as well as human rights. That is the way of a whole human being.†Ã‚  I couldn’t agree more with this statement as I do not believe that animal testing is right and I am totally against it. One of the main reasons I am against animal testing is the fact that the animals don’t have a choice and are being forced to be tested, which can lead to them getting seriously ill or dying as a cause of the testing. Each yearRead MoreAnimal Testing Is Unethical1089 Words   |  5 PagesMartinez English 101 4 December 2017 Animal Testing Animal testing is a practice which scientists have been using for hundreds of years. It uses non-human animals to test how substances may affect their behavior or health. Whether or not it should be allowed has been a debated for years. Some believe animal testing to be unethical. Others believe it to be a necessary evil that has advanced our scientific knowledge. There are also those who believe that animals hold the same rights as humans, andRead MoreAnimal Testing Is Morally Wrong?878 Words   |  4 Pageslot of different types of animals suffer through painful and unnecessary tests. An animal being used for scientific experiments is wrong because it is inhumane, expensive, and unpredictable. Animals in laboratories live lives of loss, pain, loneliness, and torture. Various studies have shown that animal experimentation often does not even help humans. Some even lead to harmful human reactions to the drugs being tested on animals. Yet we continue to use animal testing while other courses of actionRead MoreShould Animals Be Used for Research in the Cosmetic Industry?533 Words   |  3 PagesShould animals be used for research in cosmetic industry? Animal testing is widely used to develop new medicines and to test the safety of other products. These experiments can cause pain to the animals involved or reduce their quality of life in other ways. Animal experimenters are aware of this problem and agree that the testing should be made as humane as possible. While this practice has been followed for years now, some people still strongly believe that it is a cruel act and should be permanentlyRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1547 Words   |  7 Pagesthousands of animal deaths a year in the United States alone that are caused by cosmetic animal testing. Animals typically used in this specific type of testing are guinea pigs, rats, mice, and rabbits. Today, we have technology that can replace jobs yet, we still use primitive procedures that no longer cater the best to our current society. Cosmetic animal testing is not only harmful but it is also ineffective Animal testing is unethical and unnecessary, cruel and should no longer continue. There areRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1357 Words   |  6 Pagesof animals of all different shapes, sizes, and species are taken from their homes. These animals are subjected to animal testing, the use of animals in order to gain control over the variables that affect our bodies behavior. People are taking these animals from their homes to research and study things that could easily be tested using alternate methods. So a very important question stands, why do corporations continue to test on animals? Due to its unethical nature, animal testing should noRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned847 Words   |  4 Pagesareas on where people gather around and protest is when they’re fighting agents animals testing. As well as the years has pasted on protesting on animals, it became more sires in increased in the 1960’s and 1970’s. Many cosmetics companies been testing on animals throughout the years there is also many that have not. The cosmetic s line LUSH has been fighting over animals testing for over thirty years and will continue to fight for their right according to the company. When LUSH had first started the

Exchange Rate Policies In Developing Countries Free Essays

string(87) " challenging for finding a lasting solution for the monetary exchange these countries\." The monetary exchange in most developing countries is unstable due to the high level of inflation and weak currencies. The monetary policy of a country usually is affected by its monetary exchange rate. A country can attempt to engage on a reductive or expansionary monetary policy depending on the amount of money that is actually in circulation. We will write a custom essay sample on Exchange Rate Policies In Developing Countries or any similar topic only for you Order Now A country with more amount of money in circulation with increasing inflationary rate tends to adopt a reductive monetary policy where bank interest rate is increased and expenditure on capital infrastructural goods is limited. On the other hand, an expansionary monetary policy encourages the increase in money supply to the economy by reducing interest and bank lending rate, and engaging more in capital expenditures. No matter the monetary policy embarked on by a government, this goes to influence the monetary exchange rate of such country. According to Svensson (2000) the significance of exchange rate on a country’s monetary policy lies in the additional channel that exchange rate provides for the transmission of monetary policy. Secondly, the exchange rate involve a forward looking variable in which case it provides valuable information in the designing and implementation of monetary policy. Thirdly, monetary policy is enhanced through foreign shocks that are mainly propagated thoroughly in exchange rate. A country can utilize either a fixed monetary exchange rate or a flexible exchange rate, depending on the supply rate of money and the monetary independence it choose to stick with. In a developing country, with weak institutions, the exchange rates of such countries are determined by relaying in comparative measure with currencies from other strong and stable economies. Thus, it is difficult for these developing countries to operate flexible exchange rates. As a flexible exchange rate requires that solid financial structure is laid, and consolidated, fiscal and monetary policy institutions are in place. Developing countries engages in fixed rate to operate its exchange rate. In operating, a fixed rate for monetary exchange entails that the country’s central financial institution, i. . the Central Bank buy and sell the domestic currency at a given rate. Furthermore, the viability of such monetary operation is entirely tied to the country’s level of international reserves held by its authorities. ECONOMICS INDEXES ASSOCIATED WITH A DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Most developing countries are consumers’ society with little production. Most revenue and means for generating foreign exchange for this category of country are on primary goods in form of exploration of natural resources and agricultural activities. Agrarian economies and exploration of primary products are mainly source for generating foreign exchange in developing countries. In other words, the economies of most developing countries are tied down to the apron strings of advanced economies. Electronics, technological products, consumable products and finished goods are the main items of import for developing countries. The costs for importing these finished goods are more costly when compared with the amounts that are paid for exports of primary goods and raw materials from developing countries. The inequalities in the pricing regime in the international market are unfavorable for developing countries. This variable contributes to the foreign reserves of developing countries. Invariably, it affects the values of currency and its exchange rate. The monetary values of developing countries are weak when compared with those of vibrant economies. Inflation affects the economic growth and development of developing countries. In a situation where there is much money in the economy pursuing little goods in the economy, this situation leads to increase in inflation rate. Inflation reduces the purchasing power of people in a given economy. This weakens the value and use of money as a medium of exchange (especially in a galloping inflationary situation). To Ogbokor (2004), â€Å"Inflation, in a developing country, encourages inventory accumulation in the form of raw material, excessive investment in merchandise building and landed property. As a result, capital is prevented from being utilized for projects required for economic growth†. The implication of information in developing countries is that there brings about dearth of infrastructural amenities and the reduction of purchasing power of people for embracing a meaningful living. Financial institutions in developing countries, such as in Africa, are highly underdeveloped culminating in lack of depth financial consolidation, extensive inefficiency and over populated urban areas. The stock exchange markets in African countries are still in their embryonic state. They are just beginning to gain ground. In recent times, the Nigerian Stock exchange market (NSE) is making progressive growth in capitalization and growth in stock indexes. The growth in the Nigerian market especially in 2007 financial operation year in the public reform policy taken in the country’s financial sector has aided the stock exchange market in the country. In 2005, the consolidation of the Nigerian banking sector through the recapitalization has brought great improvement in the banking sector and financial institution (Njoku, 2006). The great feet attained in the reform, policy has led the government to introduce this recapitalization policy in the insurance sector. In the past the Breton institution, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank have recommended several medicines for the ailing economies of third world and developing economies. Such measures to embark on a structural adjustment programmed that will involve the devaluation of their currencies, among other measures such as privatization of public enterprises, removal of subsidies on public goods and less government intervention in their countries economies inter-alia. Even though these developing countries have put the structural programmed into use there situation economically still remain the same, sometimes made worst. â€Å"This SAP-induced inflation has resulted in adverse income redistribution, leading to increased personal insecurity and lessened personal satisfaction, while heightening interpersonal and institutional tensions and deterring investment and inhibiting consumer spending† (Anyanwu 1992). MONETARY EXCHANGE POLICIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES The move to find an appropriate policy for monetary rate for developing countries has being on for decades now. But the volatile capital situation in these category of countries have made it more challenging for finding a lasting solution for the monetary exchange these countries. You read "Exchange Rate Policies In Developing Countries" in category "Papers" In these view, Velasco (2000) argued, â€Å"a significant conclusion that is shared from the volatile monetary exchange rate from developing countries is that adjustable or crawling pegs are extremely fragile in a world of volatile capital movements. The pressure resulting from massive capital flow reversals and weakened domestic financial systems was too strong even for countries that followed sound macroeconomic policies and had large stocks of reserves†. Since the 1970s, the volatile nature of the exchange rate of poor and developing countries is seen to be pervasive; as there are no stable, developed and consolidated financial institutions to peg exchange rate for countries and partners that these developing countries transact international business. The concern here according to Collins (1995) was that â€Å"the market for the developing countries currency were so thin, creating a volatile exchange rate that would be disruptive for economic activity†. The missing link for developing countries for a lasting solution for its exchange rate has being on the lack of a consolidated financial institution and stable economy. This situation for developing countries is made worst during the 1970s and 80s. â€Å"Prior to the 1980s, it was widely believed that operating a competitive floating exchange rate regime required a level of institutional development that developing countries did not possess† (Quirk, 1994: 135). The volatile nature of the exchange rate as recognized in the economy of developing countries is not entirely an inherent cause sometimes the activities of foreign and developed economies. For instance, the emergence of the European currency bloc has aided in rendering the exchange rate more volatile in developing countries. This according to Collingnon (1999) cited in Kawai Takagi (2003) â€Å"has made exchange rates between the three major world currencies more volatile and thereby contributed to the reduction of cross-border investment worldwide†. The economic structures in developing countries in term of its embryonic and underdeveloped financial institutions are contributory factors that are making them have an unstable and unpredictable monetary exchange policy. The explanation for the long run inflationary trend in developing nations, according to the Structuralists, is in terms of certain structural rigidities. These include market imperfections and social tensions in those nations, including the relative inelasticity of the food supply, foreign-exchange constraints, protective measures, a rise in the demand for food, a fall in export earnings, hoarding, import substitution, industrialization, and political instability, inter-alia† (Ghatak 1995). The devaluation of currency of developing country is done with the aim to create a real basis for measuring feasible and accurate exchange rate between imports and exports of transactions in the international market. However, â€Å"the usefulness of real devaluation in stimulating growth may seem self-evident; this view is not uniformly supported either by prior theoretical research or by the experience of countries implementing exchange rate devaluations† (Kamin Rogers 1997). Devaluation of currency of developing countries have it untold hardship and high cost for goods and services. Looking at the devaluation of the Nigerian currency, Anyanwu (1992) argues, â€Å"†¦the continued naira depreciation has encouraged the smuggling out of goods (especially food stuffs) leading to local scarcity and higher prices. It has also encouraged a brain drain, partly in an attempt to reap the benefits of naira depreciation, the remittances from which are mainly used for consumption activities, again aggravating local prices†. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF A FIXED EXCHANGE RATE FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES In recent times, some scholars have conducted research to analysis the use of a fixed exchange rate as basis for structuring the exchange rate regime in developing countries. â€Å"Probity analysis is used to study the determinants of exchange rate regime, build their empirical models around a framework in which the political cost associated with devaluation under fixed exchange rates plays a major role† (Frieden et al 2000). In a fixed exchange rate regime, the government of the developing country directly set the nominal exchange rate. Given the constraints and undeveloped financial institutions in developing countries, the practice of a fixed monetary exchange rate for developing countries is made difficult. The advantage of engaging a fixed exchange rate is to help stabilize a country’s economy. This is aimed at bringing structural change that would integrate the country’s economy into the world economy order in the quickest time possible. This has made currency board of most developing countries to take the move of attaining a fixed exchange rate as a priority that should be attain (Mart, 2004). Before the fall of the Bretton Woods system in 1973, many countries including many Latin American developing countries had adopted a fixed exchange rate regime. The reason for adopting this exchange rate regime measure is to control inflation, reduce exchange rate volatility or to improve competitiveness (Frieden et al 2000). In addition a fixed exchange rate regime tend to enable government of developing countries be disciplined in that they cannot fix any fiscal rate that would be excessive to cause the end or currency collapse. Fixed exchange rate sometimes is used as a short term corrective to harness a developing country’s monetary policy and help it gain credibility. For some developing countries like Poland, Mexico and Vietnam in the 1990s, the fixed exchange rate was utilized as a temporary measure to re-establish these countries policies to gain credibility (Ohno, 1998). Thus, a fixed exchange rate is acceptable in certain circumstances for developing countries, especially where there are unexpected real and financial shocks. However, this should not be permanently used as a measure for operating a developing countries monetary exchange. The flexibility exchange rate is more adequate for revamping the ailing and volatile exchange rate of developing countries. â€Å"In an unstable world economy, they must retain the ability to combine stability and flexibility as circumstances change. For the same reason, currency boards and permanently fixed exchange rates (with no escape clause) are not to be recommended† (ibid). In a galloping inflationary situation in a developing country, the exchange rate policy to adopt is a flexible one that allows currency to float and depreciate. After the tightening of the macroeconomic policies in such a country, it becomes useful to adopt a fixed exchange rate as a measure. As Ohno (1998) puts it, â€Å"As inflation subsides to a more manageable level (say, 10 to 20 percent per year), the fixed exchange rate becomes a symbol of monetary and fiscal prudence and its abandonment becomes politically too costly†. Invariably, it means that the utilization of a fixed exchange rate should come in when the inflationary rate of a developing country is becoming low and at a manageable level. Furthermore, the utilizing of a fixed exchange regime in developing country is significant in the sense that it provides stability of price to local economic agents. This is especially in the case where a country operates an open economy, in which exchange rate volatility may have substantial costs within itself (Frieden et al 2000). As earlier stated a country has the option either to choose a fixed monetary exchange rate or one that is flexible. For developing and emerging economies that want to choose a policy of a permanently fixed exchange rate this can be done through its currency board with it could adopt a common currency (‘Dollarisation’). On the other hand, developing countries can adopt a flexible policy, which according to Taylor (2000) is â€Å"†¦the only sound monetary policy is one based on the trinity of a flexible exchange rate, an inflation target, and a monetary policy rule†. However, the benefits and the cost implication of fixed exchange rates depend on the country and those variables and characteristics it is associated. For instance, a country with exceedingly high level of inflation with the urgently need to stabilize its economy will be beneficial to utilize a fixed exchange rate. â€Å"The higher the rate of inflation; i. e. one below some hyperinflationary threshold, the more a fixed rate will impose competitive pressures on tradable producers and more generally pressure on the balance of payments† (Frieden et al 2000). According to Collins (1995), a government of developing country should opt for a fixed exchange rate regime when it sense and anticipate a small misalignment cost from maintaining the existing peg. In addition, the need for government to adopt a fixed exchange rate is when she believes that discrete nominal exchange rate adjustments have only small political costs, when the government perceived her ability to manage a flexible exchange rate as low, or when the government attempt to stabilize a very high inflation. Third world countries usually are faced with political instability. During period of political instability, the adopting of fixed exchange rate by a developing country is more pronounced (Frieden et al 2000). The drawback associated with a fixed exchange regime for developing country is that an inflation differential between the pegging country and the anchor generates an appreciation of the real exchange rate, which in the absence of compensating productivity gains, hurts the tradable sector and might generate a balance of payments crisis (ibid) THE NEED TO ADOPT A FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATE FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES For a country adopting a flexible exchange rate, the government of such country has imperfect control over the nominal exchange rate in its monetary policy. In this case, â€Å"the actual exchange rate is influenced by some shocks both at home and abroad The greater the variance of these shocks the less control policy makers will have over the actual nominal exchange rate† (Collins, 1995). The right situation for a government of a developing state to adopt a flexible includes when it perceives and anticipate a large misalignment costs from maintaining a pegged rate, when the political costs to discrete nominal adjustments are high flexibility exchange rate is conducive in such situation. Furthermore, when the government believes her ability to manage a flexible rate was high, and when the government of the state is not planning to stabilize very high inflation (ibid). In the same vain Velasco (2000), argues, â€Å"If shocks to the goods markets are more prevalent than shocks to the money market, then a flexible exchange rate is preferable to a fixed rate for developing countries†. On the other hand, when every movement in the nominal exchange rate is quickly reflected in an upward adjustment in domestic prices, then the insulation provided by flexible exchange rates is nil and thus not expected to provide a satisfactory exchange rate regime (ibid). Under a flexible exchange rate, the change in relative price quickly takes place, unlike the situation in fixed exchange rate where it changes slowly. Thus, there is advantage for developing borrowing under a flexible exchange rate. A flexible exchange rate gives borrowers an incentive to hedge that may be absent under more rigid regimes† (Velasco 2000). With the advantage that accomplish flexible exchange rate, it is still expected that each developing countries should choose and adapt to its own exchange rate system with respect to common basket. â€Å"Whatever the formal arrangement that is adapted; be it a flexible exchange rate regime or a managed float, the important point is that each country in the region should stabilize the real effective exchange rate at normal times by targeting a common currency basket† (Kawai Takagi 2003). The need for developing countries to adopt a flexible exchange rate is more on the volatile nature of the countries with weak financial institutions. The negative effect of exchange rate volatility for developing countries on trade is more obvious when compared to those of developed economies. Taking on comparison between the difference in exchange rate volatility between developing countries and developing countries, it is seen that work on Pakistan’s exports to Germany, Japan, and the United States for 1974-85 suggests that exports were significantly adversely affected by variability in nominal bilateral exchange rates. On the other hand, the effect of real exchange rate variability on the exports of Chile, Colombia, Peru, the Philippines, Thailand and Turkey have attained the clear evidence of generally considerably negative and substantial impact (ibid). Scholars have advocated more of flexible exchange rate for developing countries than a fixed one, however there are demerits associated with the use of flexible exchange rate. According to Collins (1995), â€Å"flexible exchange rates make it very difficult to alter domestic price and wage setting behavior so as to reduce inflation†. More flexible exchange rate regimes may result in higher equilibrium levels of inflation because they do not effectively discipline central bankers (ibid). CONCLUSION The monetary exchange rate of developing is characterized by a highly volatile and unstable exchange rate regime. Thus, it becomes difficult to adopt a fixed exchange rate regime, given the weak financial institutions in this category of countries. Furthermore, the embryonic state of capital market and other financial institutions in developing country further weakens the currency of these countries. Inflationary rate in developing countries are on the increase thus to stable the economy within shorter period, anticipating a short misalignment costs will be adequate for a government of a developing country to adopt a fixed exchange rate. On the hand to correct, a flexible exchange rate regime is suitable for a developing country in managing its economy currency stability over a longer period. The development of financial institutions and the consolidation of capital and money markets of developing country will aid them to embrace a feasible regime that would contribute to strengthen its currency value and ensure a vibrant economy. How to cite Exchange Rate Policies In Developing Countries, Papers

Arnis free essay sample

The Arians is a sport than can give us fun and body ache. You will encounter Arians either in your PEE class or it is your chosen sport to spend your time with. As I have watched the video that was given to us by our professor in Physical Education, I have learned that I can also use Arians in self-defense. In the video, our professor was teaching disarming or how to remove the weapons of the opponent. It was taught in a step-by-step guide and in slow motion for us to see and to learn what he is doing. In our time, robbers, thieves, rapists and bad men can be seen everywhere. They usually hold things that can threaten the lives of their victim. Some of these things are knives, guns and even knuckles. In the video, we have learned a lot of ways that we can use our Arians to disarm a person that threatens to kill or do something bad to us. We will write a custom essay sample on Arnis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Though we know that we cannot do those things in a real-life situation, we should tallest have an idea on how we will do it in case we dont have the area or place to run to for help or in short, when we are rendered and no one can help us. I am not really a fan of Arians because I thought before that we cant really use the techniques taught to us in real-life situations because we dont bring our Arians all the time but a thought hit me that anything can be used as a replacement for Arians. An example of this is an umbrella or anything that can be a replacement for Arians. Arians can be a helpful sport for everyone because we can use it at all times especially in emergency situations.

Resistance to Change in Organizations Reasons and Strategies

Introduction Psychologists refer to resistance to change as a natural reaction to uncertainty and/or the unknown. Organizations have human capital thus in times of change resistance is dominant. A change is likely to revolutionize the status quo in an organization; the nature of human beings is that they rather stay under the current prevailing condition than change to other lifestyles that they are uncertain about.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Resistance to Change in Organizations: Reasons and Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This notion and nature of human beings makes them resist change. A change in any process or activity in an organization requires careful preparation. Innovations and transformation are proving that change in how businesses are conducted is here to stay. Change is inevitable. Although changing people is not easy, future success of businesses is in how well they are going to ant icipate and adjust to change. The way business is conducted has to be adjusted with the changing environment. Change is a gradual process that must be well planned. The management should be actively involved in the change process since support is required from all corners. When an organization or a country at large, wants to make a change in the way things are done, then the start point is understanding the need that require change. People are not willing to change, they are static; however if well implemented then it can be a smooth transition. Organizational culture has a great influence on how employees will embrace change and also how managers communicate to their juniors. Organizations with a freelance kind of organizational culture have better communication among the staff and with the outside environment. To initiate change in such institutions is easier than in organizations where the management dominate in all decision making procedures without consultation of their juniors . In large organizations, there can be a division into various departments with each expected to face a certain area. As much as there are departmental meetings, and departments are supposed to come up with their own way of doing things, there are meeting with the larger managements that are not restricted to the team managers alone. Managers in such departments should be given the mandate of communicating change; if the relation they maintains with the team members is not healthy, then change will receive unpleasant reception. This paper discusses resistance to change in organizations. Reason for the Resistance When change is occurring in an organization, the way the management (who in most cases are the agents of change) communicate the change they want implemented in an organization determines whether the change will be embraced by employees or it will face resistance.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper wit h 15% OFF Learn More In an organization, communication is the system through which management and the teams transfer information. It is both upwards and downwards. Good communication in an organization means that issues and progress of the business are discussed in a way that the target group gets the intended message. In the case of a management that does not maintain good relations that facilitate communication when change comes it is taken as a move by the management to make things happen. People will not be willing to come from their status quo and adopt the change but they will be willing to fight the change. Resistance to change where communication lacks is even higher when groups in the organization join hands together to repel the change. There will be no one who really understands the need for change since they are at a distance with the management. For example, incase an organization want to establish a computer network in its organization, the employees may feel that the change is coming to replace them. They are likely to refuse change. This is the power of unknown since there is no one who is willing to explain what effect the change will have on the employees. The first step in successful change is to identify the communication weaknesses in a business. This can be through brainstorming where challenges facing the business can be identified. Such challenges can be obtained through reviewing the day to day activities of the business (Guffer Almonte, 2009). Some questions may serve as a guideline, these include: Have employees been provided with a good working environment? Are they happy with what they are doing? Has the business been able to satisfy all the clients? Is proper information provided to all stakeholders? Is there good flow of conversations? The four communication weaknesses or barriers are overload of messages, failure to share information among major stakeholders, failure to include employees in decision making processes, a nd personal attributes. Employees are given many instructions and they are not given room to practice them nor to show their expertise. Communication means more than just giving out messages; it involves speaking, listening, sending, and receiving messages. In communication, listening is the key to success and most of the time listening gets people into problems because they do not practice the same. For business communication to be successful, listening has to be proficient. Listening simply means holding back one’s judgment and allowing answers to come from outside. This is not the case in many organizations where the managers decide what to do instead of receiving views from the other members of staff. Sharing of important information is poor and most of the time it is withheld from the staff (Ian Dunford, 2005).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Resistance to Change in Organizations: Reasons and Strategies specifically for you for only $16. 05 $11/page Learn More In an ideal situation, views from all are weighed equally and no one is supposed to be seen as the sole holder of wisdom (Anon, 2010). Though decisions may take a long period of time when all views are considered; such organizations in most cases make informed decisions. There are firms that embrace change and keep changing gradually. Innovations in the organizations are seen as the order of the day and entrants are highly encouraged to be innovative and embrace change. Fear When change is being implemented in an organization, it creates uncertainty in the minds of the employees. They are not aware of what will happen to their jobs, status ranks, and even salaries. They feel that the intended change will have a negative impact on their lives and thus they repel the change; this is fear of unknown; the fear may be in one person or an entire department. Fear comes with repelling the intended change and also makes a slowdown to the normal processes . The fear is seen like a wave of demonization prevailing in the organization. Change is taken for different reasons; each reason has some objectives that it aims at meeting. The universal objectives are; improve current working conditions and strategies, adopt a different way of doing things, make new combinations of resources in an organization, adopt new technology, change of business, target market, production formulae, management, job schedules, and job description and have a different human resource management system, computer system among others. In the above objectives, there must be a restructuring of the way things are generally done and thus employees wonder their fate after the change. The existence of opinion leaders will increase the fears or will reduce them depending on the position the opinion leaders are taking. Fear is made even worse by the facts that when some changes occur in an organization, they lead even to loss of jobs, which is the greatest fear to an empl oyee. Leadership The leadership of an organization plays an important role in strategy development in the firm. If the leaders are not ready to answer and manage fears that the employees have then employees are likely to see the move toward change as unplanned and uncontrolled. Leaders are from the top most to the supervisors. In most cases the supervisors are asked by their juniors various questions regarding the change they want to implement in the business. If there has been no well coordinated communication, then the employees are likely to repel the change.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Immediate team leaders are free with the employees and they should be willing and entertaining the coming change. If themselves they are not willing to change, the same will happen with their employees. When communicating the decision made by an organization to change, leaders are mandated with the task of airing this news to the employees. Organizational culture determines the way managers and their juniors interact. Organizational culture is complex with varied definitions. It includes custom, knowledge, belief, morals, and personal capabilities. Examples of variables that can shape an organizational culture are value, gender, norms and morals which are held by the organization members. Values are the basic principles that make up an organizational culture. Scholars argue that one is likely to scrutinize the values that are apprehended in a particular organizational culture and make some modifications. In most cases, organizational values are stable and many people disagree with t he fact that such values can be changed. In power cultures, where the assumption is that the boss has the sole wisdom and makes decisions single handedly, the man or woman in authority is the determinant of everything (Hansen Gammel, 2008). Change in such organization is difficult to implement. One of the most changes that are happening in the organizations today is the change of Information and telecommunication this is due to the continuous improvement and invention. The I.T. manager is the agent of change as far as the I.T. is concerned and thus should be the leader and pioneer of the change. Managing change is a process that starts from the problem identification and goes all along to monitoring the change. There are also the slow learners that will need to be managed. This is where the I.T. manager comes into place. Other than ensuring that everything goes as planned, they give technological and emotional support to the entire team. They should have prior knowledge of the new system or they fully understand the system so that they are not seen as strangers to the same program that they are leading. As the program unfolds, there are areas that need to be improved, to make the system more effective to the specific business and it is the I.T. manager who has the mandate to ensure that these are done at the right time with the expertise required. I.T. manager starts the change process from problem identification and sees the program adopted as well as its improvement (Barbara and Jocelyne, 2006). Freedom and Sufficient Authority Managers and leaders in an organization must realize when to bow and beg for corporation from the employees and when they have to use force. In case of a change, management should try to remain as calm as possible failure to which it will lead to repellence toward this change. Generally, human being likes to be involved in a decision particularly if they are going to be affected. If the management ignores this belief then the change will be repelled. Leaders are the people who are mandated with the task of pioneering a business to its desired objectives. In transitional period the leader is the one who guides subordinates to the desired path. They jointly make rules and policies to be followed in attaining the goals. The role of the leader in this case is to oversee the performance of the roles of subordinates and giving guidance in various areas. Change needs to be planned at all times when it is being implemented and conducted in such a way that it will be accepted in the business. The role of the leader in such case is the change agent. His (charisma) is put to test. He is supposed to guide his subordinate in a way that will inspire them and give intellectual stimulation. He will consider what is referred to as individualized consideration whereby the focus will be on making each individual in the business comfortable with the change and be able to contribute to decisions as expected. One of the major hindra nces to change is organizational culture. A manager when pioneering a company from one wave of leadership to another should first of all understand the culture of the company. The use of opinion leaders is another way that a manager can use. Change is inevitable however it is one of the things that need to be planned by the concerned change agents since human being repel change but when well developed and implemented it is adopted freely (Barbara and Jocelyne, 2006). Resources Change requires to be supported by human and physical resources. If an organization is making change but it does not have the adequate resources to support the change then employees are likely to resist this change. Depending with the intended change, so does the required resources vary. For example, a change to adopt information and technology in a firm is better supported by an information and technology expert. He is better positioned to handle questions and solve fears that employees might be having. In ca se the change initiator has some areas that he is not sure about, then he is likely to create anxiety which results in resistance. Strategies for Overcoming Resistance Kotter and Schlesinger, in 1979, suggested a strategy that organization should use to implement change effectively and reduce resistance to change. They described the process to be six staged strategy that is gradual and a move to the next is made when the former has been accepted and understood. The following are the steps involved; Education and Communication Stage Education and communicating of an intended change start form the point of change (i.e. the person who suggested a change) then it spreads to other people in the organization. Communication is to all the leaders, line managers, and finally staffs. There is no fixed way of communicating change however whichever the way it should aim at giving a full understanding of the required change. This is where the agents of change realize that there is some process t hat has to be made. After this there is the looking for the probable solution to the problem that must be aligned with the mission and vision of the organization. The staffs that will be affected as well as the entire team should be given the detailed analysis of what the organization want to do. At this stage the management brainstorms the effect of the program with the employees and let the employees learn how they will be affected. The initial people who should get the need for the wanted change are leaders at different levels. If the change came from the top most management it should then be communicated downwards to the leaders first. If it came from a middle stage, the communication must first go up. If there is any learning needed it is done at this stage. Generally, to have a job well-done, it is of great importance that people involved start from the beginning. Change management is not an exemption. In this stage, a good context of the problem is grasped. It is only after g etting the correct understanding of the problem that he/she can make a good decision (Laura-Georgeta, 2008). Participation and Involvement After everybody from the management to the low ranked people in an organization have understood the need for change (and how the change is going to affect their work) then the next stage is to have a hand on practical of the new way of doing things. This also offers the employees the time to have a hand on experience on the new system. They learn more about it and may even improve on it. If the program is seen as a better one then the final stage is carried out. There is always no guarantee that the new system is going to be more effective than the old system, thus there is need for the system to be run as a pilot study alongside the old system. In this stage the manager should gather all relevant data and facts, this time from the employees. This is like the first evaluation and feed back to bring out areas that require an improvement. It is fro m the facts and data that he develops various alternatives of choices that can be used to solve the problem at hand. The statistics will also be the ones that will support the final decision. There are various methods of collecting data; they include researching, brainstorming, and experimentation. It is the manager’s duty to choose the right method to adopt as different problems call for different methods. Depending on the problem, the people to be consulted differ. However, an effective manager should ensure that he/she consults those who matter and those who know. Facilitation and Support At this stage, at least all employees who were to be affected by the intended change have had a hand on experience on the new system of working. Though the change has been implemented, learning of how it operates is still ongoing. They are facilitated to consult those people who matter. Consultation assists in making a more informed decision and assists in generating more alternatives of choice. Their opinions and viewpoints should be considered in the final decision making but the manager should always keep in mind that it is his/her responsibility to come up with the right decision. At this stage, all things are aligned to follow the new system and the old one is switched off. All the employees are supposed to adopt the system. Improvement of the system is the major thing that follows. Negotiation and Motivation People adjust differently and at this stage the focus is on people who are resisting change. Even after the operation and use of the system, chances are that there are people who have not been fully oriented into the new system. There may be various reasons for the same with the most common reason being attitude. The leaders should use a micro approach. This is where they conduct meetings with the people who are resistant and try to negotiate on it that they are having a problem with. If this stage is overlooked, these people may influence others to revert to the old system or refuse the new system all together. Manipulation and Co-option At this stage, the organization is clear of hard cores to change; they may however be key employees in the organization with a vast knowledge and experience. They may be such a big asset that the organization has to devise means to accommodate them in the organization. They for example are given a key role in the change system where they will be evaluating the change outcomes; with time they will be changed and espouse the change. Explicit and Implicit Coercion This is the last stage in the change system. Depending with the way the organization has adopted to the change, the stage varies. Those people who are resisting change are ignored and forced to adopt the change. To the extremes, there may be people who cannot adopt the intended change, they should be demoted, fired or dismissed from the organization (Diamond, 1986). General Rate Employee Turnover In a firm with high staff turnover, the organi zational culture created by the high turnover acts negatively to change. Employees to the organization have a perception that others moved from the organization when they realized that change was about to come. This will motivate the remaining employees to leave the organization. Employees who do not have a future with an organization are hesitant to change as they believe that if the change comes for the good of the organization they will not benefit. The other situations that can be created by high staff turnover are employees who are not willing to move for one reason or another like old age. What the employees do is to refuse any change that the system can create as they want to protect their status quo. Survey When change has been implemented it needs to be supported by the management to see its success. Before and after making a change, management should undertake a survey on the prevailing methodologies that they are going to use in communicating the change. Every organizatio n is special and so does the required methodology. A survey of the current organizational culture, determining the key players who can directly influence change (negatively or positively) should be undertaken. When these people are identified they are targeted accordingly; the opinion leader’s supporters can be given a major role in change implementation where those likely to oppose and have influence are persuaded first. A pilot study of the intended change should be conducted and if there is another organization using the same consulted as it can offer good information on the same. There is always no guarantee that the new system is going to be more effective than the old system, thus there is the need for the system to be run as a pilot study alongside the old system. This also offers the employees the time to have a hand on experience on the new system. They learn more about it and may even improve on it. If the program is seen as a better one, then the final stage is exe cuted. After the change is set in place the management should develop mechanisms to motivate and get feedback from the employees. They should have strategies that facilitate consultation to people who exactly knows where a certain problem might have come from. This will assist the employees in proper adoption of the change. Offering no option of using the old system is another way through which the employees can be compelled to use the new system. This though must be done with great wisdom not to be interpolated by employees as a move to dictate change to them (Ford, Ford D’amelio, 2008). Conclusion People are resistant to change; they are affected by the theory of inertia. With the current changes in technology, competition, change of customer preferences, innovations and inventions, change becomes inevitable. However, it is affected by the organizational culture, internal and external factors of the organization. These factors include the communication efficiencies in the organization, leadership styles, and influence by others who have left the organization, fear and personal attributes like perception. The management should be actively involved in the change process since support is required from all corners. The main objective in a change management process is to facilitate better methods of doings things for a cost effective business. For an effective change, employees should be involved right from the start. They should understand how the change is going to affect their life; this is through training and good leadership. Leaders are the people who are mandated with the task of pioneering a business to its desired objectives. In transitional period the leaders are the one who guides subordinates to the desired path. They jointly make rules and policies to be followed in attaining the set goals. Before a company adopt a new system of doing things, there is need to appreciate that the new way can only succeed if the employees are positive about the change. This calls for a gradual process of implementing the much needed change. The organizational culture is one of the factors that can affect the change negatively or positively. The change agents should understand this well before implementing the intended change program. Reference List Anon. (2010). Change Management (Cover story). Health Management Technology, 31(3), 14. Barbara, S. and Jocelyne, F. (2006). Organizational Change. Financial Times Prentice Hall. ISBN 0273695983, 9780273695981 Diamond, M. (1986). Resistance to Change: A Psychoanalytic Critique of Argyris and Schon’s Contributions to Organization Theory and Intervention. Journal of Management Studies, 23(5), 543-562. Ford, J., Ford, L., D’amelio, A. (2008). Resistance to Change: The Rest of the Story. Academy of Management Review, 33(2), 362-377. Hansen, M., Gammel, G. (2008). Management of Change (Cover story). Professional Safety, 53(10), 41. Ian, P., Dunford, R. (2005). Managing Organizationa l Change. New York: McGraw-Hill. Laura-Georgeta, T. (2008). Change Management – Resistance to the Change. Annals of the University of Oradea, Economic Science Series, 17(4), 622-624. This essay on Resistance to Change in Organizations: Reasons and Strategies was written and submitted by user Devin N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Management Planning at Walmart Essays

Management Planning at Walmart Essays Management Planning at Walmart Paper Management Planning at Walmart Paper Successful corporations in today’s business world must be able to employ different levels of planning in order to achieve goals put in place by senior management. Wal-Mart has many different levels of management planning in place to follow through on its goals and objectives. There are many factors that influence Wal-Mart’s strategic, tactical, operational and contingency planning. Although Wal-Mart has been a very successful corporation throughout its existence, it has had to absorb the impact of legal issues, ethics, and corporate responsibility in its management planning. In Wal-Mart’s strategic planning stage, they are highly regarded as visionaries. One thing that Wal-Mart prides themselves in is the fact that they develop planning processes that enable the company to understand where they want to go, how they want to get there, and what things they must focus on along the way to drive the plan. One thing that has never lost focus is Wal-Mart’s drive to always make sure that they are first and foremost a value driven company. The only way that Wal-Mart would continue to push the value button was by leveraging the size of the company to force vendors for better costs of goods. This enabled them to maintain its image as value driven. Along the way, Wal-Mart became more tactical as well. Part of their tactical planning was to figure out how to get customers to buy more once they were in the store. Wal-Mart never really had a problem attracting the consumer in the store. So they came up with a solution that would ensure better inventory management as well as improved supply chain management. In other words, they wanted to make sure that they improved the way that goods made it to store shelves so that the consumer bought them. This affected their entire distribution channels as the entire system would need to be revamped. Along with this tactic, they reduced the amount of items that they carried that were deemed as not returning on their investment. The results have had a significant impact to their bottom line. Wal-Mart has also had many legal and ethical issues over the past several years. As the company’s sales have soared, analysts say, it appears to have become the nation’s most popular private-sector target for lawsuits (Richard Willing, 2001). Lawsuits range from age and gender discrimination, employees not being compensated properly for overtime work, safety in stores parking lots, hiring outside contractors that use illegal immigrants to provide services, among many others. So as the company has become such a powerful force in the retail industry, it has become a large target for legal issues brought forth against them. Ethical issues have also brought forth lawsuits at Wal-Mart. Accusations of favoritism in the work place including non-promotions of females to upper level positions, non-promotion of employees with college degrees, and accusations of being anti-union. All this indicates is that it puts Wal-Mart at the front of news reports that they engage in unethical activities. Corporate responsibility also affects management planning at Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart has a very good reputation for being corporate responsible. Examples include their philosophy that they operate globally but always give back locally. In 2007, Wal-Mart gave 296 million dollars to charitable organizations across the United States. If you include donations from employees and customers, Wal-Mart gave away 470 million dollars globally. Areas in the communities that benefited from these donations include education, hunger relief, environmental sustainability, healthcare, disaster relief, military outreach, Salvation Army, among many others. Wal-Mart also has a green goal. It claims that their environmental goal is to be supplied 100 percent by renewable energy, to create zero waste and to sell products that sustain our natural resources and the environment(Wal-Mart website 2008). Conclusion Wal-Mart is certainly credited with changing the retail world as we know it with its low prices and big stores with huge selections but it has come at a price. They have struggled with issues that question the ethics as a company and legal issues that question how they manage people. These issues will continue to hurt their organization unless a complete change in management thinking and actions are changed. As a socially responsible organization, their management planning in this area is second to none. Lets hope they take the same effort in improving their image when it comes to ethics and legal issues. References Willing, R. (2001, August 13). Lawsuits a Volume Business at Wal-Mart. USA Today Retrieved April 28th, 2008 from: usatoday. com/news/nation/2001/08/14/walmart- usat. htm Sustainability- Wal-Mart website(2008). Retrieved April 28th, 2008 from: http://walmartstores. com/Sustainability/

Evaluate Sainsbury plcs financial strategy Essay - 1

Evaluate Sainsbury plcs financial strategy - Essay Example In spite of these speculations, it has risen to be the leader for the last two decades. Sainsbury has relied heavily on equity capital to finance its operations in the recent past. The management consists of the contributors of the needed capital. Being a company based in United Kingdom, where a company with more than 50% of its capital is considered highly geared, the management made a move in the year 2006 to incorporate high level gearing for the following reasons: This is another significant source of funds for Sainsbury Company. This dividend reinvestment plan allows stakeholders to reinvest their cash dividends through purchasing more shares in the market through a significant prearranged share dealing service. No new shares are allotted under this plan. It involves adding more value to the existing ones through a systematic way in order to achieve a balanced portfolio. The price and value of these shares fluctuate in response to the market waves. Stakeholders are fore warned of this possibility because the reinvested dividends in the form of shares may end up with a value or price that is less than the anticipated. Shareholders may then end up getting less than what they invested. Past performance is a guide to clear shareholders doubts and for those who are not sophisticated enough to understand the fir past performance are advised to seek the assistance of professional financial advisors. To aid in understanding of Sainsbury dividend policy, this paper acknowledges the importance of reviewing theories on dividend policies. With empirical research continuously being conducted by scholars on dividend policy, no consensus has ever emerged has scholars continuously keep disagreeing about the same empirical evidence. They all agree that dividend policy refers to management practices in making decisions on the criteria and amount of dividends to be paid to shareholders overtime. However, three dividend policy

Faith involves a 'teleological suspension of the ethical' Essay

Faith involves a 'teleological suspension of the ethical' - Essay Example In the book, Kierkegaard explores the 4 Abraham story retelling; he dwells majorly on the ethical and religious. Kierkegaard argues that Isaac being killed is bad and wrong ethically but it is right religiously. Kierkegaard is also seen to apply the Abraham story for the sake of distinguishing between resignation and faith. Abraham is seen to have been tasked to murder Isaac merely due to he had been told by God to abide by as well as he was so much aware that God was right always. Kierkegaard however argues that Abraham never acted basing on the fact that God should be obeyed always but rather basing on the fact that God has no capacity to to what is ethically wrong. Abraham for very much aware that it was ethically wrong when he kills Isaac, but he knew God would spare his son because he had faith. Abraham made a decision of doing something that was wrong ethically due to he had faith in good will of God that was righteously right. Kierkegaard argues that the tension that exists be tween religion and ethics results to anxiety of Abraham (Kierkegaard et al, 1983). According to Kierkegaard the story of Abraham retellings, it is seen to demonstrate the significance of â€Å"teleological suspension of the ethical.† Teleological implies â€Å"in relation to the end.†For instance, if someone is hungry and later decides to have some food to get satisfied, then this implies that the person made a decision that is teleological: The action was to eat in order to attain the end of not being hungry. Abraham undertakes a teleological ethical suspension the time he makes a decision of killing Isaac. Abraham is so much aware that it is unethical killing Isaac. Abraham however makes a decision of suspending the ethical, in simpler terms, putting the concerns related to ethical on the back burner due to the faith he has in the end righteousness (or telos) that will be brought

How media has influenced on people and politics in Russia Essay

How media has influenced on people and politics in Russia - Essay Example It is significant that modern political science media is characterized by a lush title "fourth estate" along with the legislative, executive and judicial, and so on. The belief in the omnipotence of television is so great that some politicians say, that who controls TV and media, controls the entire country. Indeed, modern politics is impossible to imagine without the press, radio and television. Without a doubt, in the grandiose changes that are currently going through Russia, an important role is played by the media. That is the huge role that the media plays in social and political life of the country, making it the subject of ongoing discussion and research by scientists, experts and journalists. The given paper will prove that in the conditions of crisis due to the state of social anxiety people are particularly susceptible to suggestion and propaganda and easily respond to various new incentives and ideas. Let us consider how media can influence the society. In my opinion, Rozin.V.M. described media functions and how they influence the society well. The analysis shows that in the modern world media have three main functions: to inform, to express the position of certain social actors, carry out a particular ideological influence on the mind. While it has long shown that it is not often function of the press and media confined to first, some argue that the main thing is to present the facts, objective information and nothing else. In connection with this, it is easy to make the following point: the media does not simply inform the person, but also create a certain reality in which it is immersed. As part of these, almost virtual reality consciously, but more often unconsciously programmed not only by experience, but also his thoughts, attitude. First factor can be called "personalist". This is how the journalist realized event. Second

Case Study: Energy Drink Industry

Case Study: Energy Drink Industry No serious and lasting achievement or success one ever achieves without the friendly guidance and co-operation of so many people involved in work. Foremost of all, I express my gratitude to the Almighty for his blessings and foresting wisdom in all my wishes. I am also thankful to my Subject Teacher ABHAY TIWARI , who has helped me a lot each and every time when I had some difficulty. Words are not sufficient to register my sincere regards to my loving parents for their deep affection and unabated inspiration that really kept me going. They were and unending source of strength and perseverance during the course of the study. I place my thanks to al l those who spared their time and made it convenient for me to complete the research. I deeply acknowledge their concern for my research. Last but not the least, I also wish to red cord my gratitude for any person(s), my memory has failed to recall, who rendered his/her/ their support and services. History of energy drinks: Packed with caffeine, taurine and vitamins-B, energy drinks are the current fuel of choice of the todays generation. More energy mean for work and more productivity. So, life gets pace quickly and the energy drinks market expands .It all started in Japan when Taisho pharmaceuticals released a drink called Lipovitan-D in 1962. It contained a mix of b1, b2 and b6 vitamins, along with niacin and taurine all are concentrated and boost energy. Tonic drink is popularly grown up in Asia. In 1987, an Australian named Dietrich Mateschitz took the same concept but added sugar and caffeine to it and formulated red bull, which quickly popular in the Europe. Around the same time, Americans were accessorizing their all-night Atari marathons with Jolt Cola, which was advertised as having all the sugar and twice the caffeine of Coke. When Red Bull hit the market in the U.S., they had to carve the niche alone, so traditional marketing and branding strategies wouldnt work. They started sponsoring non-traditional athletes(no, not in-line skaters; more like kite sailors and sky surfers) and began an annual event called Flug tag, in which amateur aviators build their own stylized aircraft and compete to see who can fly the farthest over water. And , when Red Bull started marketing their drink to bars as a cocktail mixer. Red Bull remains the top name in energy drinks to this day, with global sales estimated at about $2 billion annually. Thats not to say there isnt competition. Dozens upon dozens of brands flood the energy drink market. Its hard to say how many, exactly, because upstart companies come and go, but heavy-hitters like Coca-Cola, Pepsi, and Anheuser-Busch have all developed their own energy drinks. Jolt Cola has been re-branded as an energy drink; it now comes in a can shaped like a big battery. Hansen, a natural soda company, entered the game with Monster Energy. Rockstar, the first energy drink to make itself available in 16- and 24-ounce cans, has been in third place behind Red Bull and Monster for a while, but Coca-Cola recently inked a deal to distribute the drink. Yes, Rockstar has finally signed with a major label. All the marketing in the world, however, hasnt convinced the French, Danish, or Norwegian governments to legalize high caffeine energy drinks in their countries, and Argentina recently became the fourth country to outlaw such beverages. Other governments and food safety agencies have also raised concerns about whether the drinks pose health risks. To research such a matter is to wade through a scientific point/counterpoint debate so thick that one would need a 24-ounce can of low-carb Monster just to read through all the applicable articles. While many are apprehensive about potential dangers, the bottom line seems to be that energy drinks are probably no worse for you than strong coffee, and should therefore be treated accordingly. Taurine, one of the main ingredients in most energy drinks, hasnt been the subject of any long-term studies, so the jury is still out on that one. On one hand, taurine is produced naturally in the body, so it should be harmless, but on the other hand it i s possible that too much taurine could be a bad thing, and the effect of combining it with caffeine and other ingredients has yet to be fully explored. But even if a major news story were to break tomorrow claiming that all energy drinks are made from the blood of orphans and that taurine causes hair loss and acute leprosy, the stuff is undoubtedly here to stay. With any luck, theyll keep our nations scientists awake long enough to finally give us our damn jet packs! Porters five forces for energy drink industry The energy drink industry is very competitive for all corporations involved, with the greatest competition being that from rivalry sellers within the industry. All energy drink companies have to think about the pressures; that from rival seller within the industry, new entrants to the industry, substitutes of the products, buyers and sellers. New entrant: New entry is not a strong competitive pressure for the energy drink industry because;there are so,many brand who are entering into the market such as cloud 9,xxx,phantom and so many. Red bull and few other energy drinks are dominate the industry with their strong brand name and great distribution channels. Energy drink is fully saturated and growth is low. It is very difficult for new and unknown entrant to start competing against the existing firms. Some another barrier are also their such as high fixed cost of warehouse and other so many expenses and economies of scale. New entrant cannot compete in price without economies of scale. These high capital requirement and market saturation make it extremely difficult for the new company to enter the energy drink industry. Substitute: Substitute products are those products competitors which are not present in the energy drink industry. Substitute of this industry are strong competitors. Such substitute of energy drinks industry products are fruit juices, water bottle, soft drinks, coffee and tea. Substitutes are strong for energy drinks industry because; Water bottle, soft drinks, fruit juices, coffee are increasingly popular with trend to be a more health conscious consumers. There are progressively more varieties in fruit juices and coffee that appeal to different consumers tastes but appears healthier than energy drinks. Coffee and tea are competitive substitute because they also provide caffeine that provided by energy drinks also. The consumer who consumes lot of energy drinks may substitute coffee because if they want to keep caffeine and lose the sugar and according to the taste. Specially blend coffee becoming very famous and popular because of so many coffee cafà © are opened and offers many different taste to the consumers. Intake of coffee and fruit juices instead of energy drinks very healthier and very cheap in cost also. Suppliers power: Suppliers bargaining power is higher because there is huge number of firms present in the energy drinks industry. Supplier for the energy drinks industry holds much competitive pressures. The bargaining power of suppliers is higher because; There is large number of energy drinks firms and most of them are using tin and aluminum mix cans for their packaging, which is not much availability because thousands of other industry are using tin and aluminum for their packaging the products. Supplier of tin and aluminum are few so bargaining power suppliers is high. It is difficult to switch other suppliers. Because it will take more time to supply and deals. Buyers power: Bar gaining power of energy drinks industry are mainly large grocers, discount stores and restaurants. The energy drinks companies distributed to beverages to these stores for resale to the consumers. The bargaining power is very strong because large grocers and discount stores buy large numbers of energy drinks, allowing them to buy at lower price. There is another reason also that many number of firms are in the energy drink industry so, different brand of energy drinks are available in the market. Rivalry: The competitive pressure from rivalry sellers is greatest competition that faced by the firms present in the energy drink because red bull acquiring most of the market in this industry and few other companies are also growth at the faster rate because of that the rivalry competition will be more in this industry, red bull, cloud9, Gatorade, monsters, tab, Rockstar, these are major players in the industry. The rivalry will be higher because; Brand name loyalty is competitive pressure because brand key customers loyalty survey shows that brand with the greatest customers loyalty in industry. Red bull, rockstar, monster, these drinks have greater loyalty than other energy drinks and famous brand name. Distribution channels are very vast and because of this they are competing with each others. Another companies are also growing and acquiring market share and increasing the distributing channels with variety in products so it the major competing thing in the industry. Major players in market: There are many players in the energy drinks industry worldwide red bull, monster, rockstar, amp and tab these are the rating series of energy drinks but in Indian market these are few major player who are playing vital role in Indian market by confidently except red bull because red bull is exceptional case because it is the oldest energy drink and very major player but other are try to competing with each others and increasing their market share. Major Players in Indian markets are: Red bull: red bull is acquiring most of the market share among all other energy drinks and the market share of red bull in market of energy drink is 42.6 (based on dollar sales). Cloud 9. Gatorade. Xxx. Red bull: Red bull is the oldest product in the market and capturing the industry share almost half of the other products. Logo: two charging bulls. Target market: long strenuous night shift audience. Slogan: red bull gives you wings. SWOT analysis of red bull company: Strength: From this we can say that what the strength of the company is; Fashionable brand image and image for high standard. Oldest energy drink in the industry capturing the largest share of the industry. High revenue as price is set 10% than other energy drinks, which increase the revenue of the company. So many market shares are sold to different countries. Famous for more caffeine and dangerous ingredient are added in it named edge. Brand equity and brand loyalty. Weakness: what are the weaknesses of the company due to? Red bull may have lost its edge because of government accepted as being safe because many customers like strong ingredient and some are using light so its depend on person to person. Lack of patent. No campaign are organized, all the sales and revenue are getting by only the brand image. Very high price, low level of income cannot consume. Opportunities: it can show us what are the opportunities of the company by which they can raise more in the market? They have the opportunity to introduce more product variants or more flavor like others are doing to increase their consumers. Expanding their brand into different countries. Consumer recognize through sponsorship of sports and event. They should increase their consumption by more advertising. Threats: Threats of the company are; Consumer purchases other illegal energy drink instead of red bull containing more taurine and caffeine. Now a days safe would be accepted by many of people instead of red bull edge it may lost its consumers. Market share would be decrease due to some many other substitute and competitors are available in the market. New entrant is also coming in Indian market and other countries this may cause in the decrease in the market share. Todays new organic energy drinks market is coming into the market which may snatch the red bull market. Substitute like soft drinks and fruit juices. Gatorade: First made in 1965, for the university of Florida football. It developed to replace the fluids and help prevent from dehydration. Target market: athletes Logo: lightning Current slogan: Is it in you. SWOT analysis of Gatorade Company: Strength: It means what is the strength of the company by which company are getting benefit and got many benefits. Loyal customers, we saw many players are using Gatorade while playing sports and doing activities. Strong brand equity. Innovations, we can say that Gatorade became famous by their flavors they introduced so many flavors such as berry, lemon, orange and black cherry. Supply chain is very good of the company. Unique products are also available such as Gatorade thirst quenchers, fierce, frost, xtremo. Weakness: what is the weakness of the company due to that reasons company are not growing at much higher rate. Non-diversified product line. Poor exposure and promotion because its only promote in abroad such as in usa and it is known by in India but not much very less promotion campaign are settled by the company. Distribution channel is not good enough if we comparing to red bull and other drinks. Opportunities: what are the opportunities by which company can increase their growth? Expand their brand by which people come to know because there are many region and areas where people dont know about the brand. They should increase their product because many flavors are not available in all the places and they should increase their services also. Threats: Competitors are the major threat because many companies are present in this industry are large number of players are present in the market. New entrant are interesting in the market and this wiil be the greater threat to the company because life becoming busy and everybody need drinks with full of energy which attracts other companies to attract toward the industry. SJ xxx: A very new product in the industry of energy rinks and one of the most fast growing energy drinks in the market. It is the Indian product by JMJ GROUPS and introduced this year in the 4-5 state and the result in seen good for the product in the market. It was sponsored team Kolkata knight rides in Indian premier league in 2010 which really works for xxx. They kept price in comparison to red bull and introduce two variants in same drink. Logo: xxx in column wise. Target market: people with age between 15-40. Slogan: extreme drink for extreme people. SWOT analysis of SJ XXX energy drink: Strength: strength of the company; Good reputation of the marketing group. The entire launch is very successful for the brand. Xxx seen as young and trendy look and motivate the teen and Youngers to go through. Attraction design and name is very attractive. Brand endorsed by very famous celebrity SHAHRUKH KHAN. Weakness: weakness of the company; Concentrate only on few states such as Goa, Mumbai, Hyderabad and Delhi. Low investment on advertising promotion. Very high prices at the starting knowing this that there are many present in the market. Very less awareness among all the other products. Huge gap between existing firms takes much time to grow. Opportunities: XXX-nicofix variant of company reduces the tobacco craze in youngster and it may helps in increase the favorability. XXX-rejuve variant of company are good option to improve immune system which creates awareness of using xxx. This new product in the market so it is the good opportunity for company to positioning and placing their product. New events and sports events are yet to come in the market and by sponsoring them regularly they can build their image in the market. Threats: Existing firms who are well stabled in the market from last many of years like red bull, Gatorade and cloud9 and others also. If they are thinking to launch in abroad so much higher threat are to company because many of strongest competitors are present already in the market and strong competitors and have brand loyalty. Substitute is also present in the market so it also gives the competition. Cloud9: it is manufactured by Goldwin healthcare Pvt. Ltd. This company is specialists in the manufacturing of 100% natural lifestyle energy drinks and caffeine free cola. In the future, cloud 9 plans, itself to the peak of the industry where the sky not finished. Cloud 9 grows it Indian presence all the expanding into the overseas market. Logo: Its name cloud9. Target market: youth and athletes. Slogan: heaven meets earth. SWOT analysis of the cloud9: Strength: Good flavor taste, it is much better taste and comparative red bull bit same but not similar. Good consumer awareness. Sponsored in big events of India such as fashion events, sports. Good investment on advertisement. Well known parent company. Availability in small cans also like other energy drinks are not available in small packing but this drink is available. Low prices comparative to other energy drinks mostly than red bull , rockstar, Sj xxx. Weakness: Low area coverage by the promotional strategy. Competition within its own variable brands. Low level of distribution channels because not available in so many areas and cities. Opportunities: Only brand available in the market with the five flavor. No other brand is providing this kind of flavor only Gatorade does but not all available in Indian market. Associated it in different award functions and organized itself in different event and parties. It has brand ambassadors like shilpa shetty. Being the first energy drink brand in the Indian market. It would b put positive effect on the Indian consumers. Threats: New entrants in the market the rapid growth of the market attracting so many companies to launching their drinks so it is the biggest threat of the existing firms to new entrants. New favours from other brand which increase their growth rate by innovative the new flavor brand with different technology and ingredient like xxx-rejuve which improve the immune system. So many brand which being global and some are coming toward our country which is also a threat and if we thought to launch our products in the foreign market this is also the threat because of globalization.

Essay --

Environmental decision-making has become a tool in the hands of communities and NGOs to oppose development projects that may benefit the larger society. Indeed it may be argues that such participation in environmental decision making limits economic progress. Fracking also known as hydro-fracking or hydraulic fracturing is the process of using millions of gallons of water mixed with sand and other variety of chemical commonly known as frack fluid to fracture shale rock thousands of feet below the ground and these fractures open allowing gas to seep back through the drill-hole and be extracted to the surface . It is the process by which natural gas ‘shale’ and oil are extracted from the ground by opening and widening fractures below the earth surface and injecting a mixture of water, chemicals and silica sand at high pressure into drilled wells in the earth to push the natural gas and/or oil onto the surface . Hydrofracking is a stimulation technique used to increase the yield of natural gas wells . In organically rich shale formations such as the Appalachian, Marcellus Shale, natural gas occurs in three ways: within the pore spaces of the shale, within natural vertical fractures or joints in the shale, and adsorbed to mineral grains and organic materials within the shale . Most of the recoverable gas is located in the pore spaces, but because the pores are tiny and insular, extracting gas from them is difficult. Because of shale’s low permeability, the vertical wells traditionally drilled in the Marcellus Shale and others yielded gas at a slow rate . Geologists noticed, however, that the most successful wells shared a common trait: a wellbore that intersects numerous fractures in the shale. These fractures in turn intersect oth... ...n the US has been in practice for a really long time and the percentage of proven environmental impacts caused by fracking are low. In a University of Texas study an estimate of approx. 1 million oil and gas wells have been drilled and fracked. News reports, public debates and environmental groups all have their respective facts and figure of the impact of fracking to the environment. There have been peer-reviewed scientific reports into the potential impacts of fracking but these studies show that risk of leakage for instance is dependent on the quality and integrity of the borehole casing and cement job rather than what is brought about by fracking. Other environmental impacts are dependent on the logistics and extraction plan. 1. Ground water contamination This is the most discussed issue raised about fracking, it is also the most serious environmental concern Essay -- Environmental decision-making has become a tool in the hands of communities and NGOs to oppose development projects that may benefit the larger society. Indeed it may be argues that such participation in environmental decision making limits economic progress. Fracking also known as hydro-fracking or hydraulic fracturing is the process of using millions of gallons of water mixed with sand and other variety of chemical commonly known as frack fluid to fracture shale rock thousands of feet below the ground and these fractures open allowing gas to seep back through the drill-hole and be extracted to the surface . It is the process by which natural gas ‘shale’ and oil are extracted from the ground by opening and widening fractures below the earth surface and injecting a mixture of water, chemicals and silica sand at high pressure into drilled wells in the earth to push the natural gas and/or oil onto the surface . Hydrofracking is a stimulation technique used to increase the yield of natural gas wells . In organically rich shale formations such as the Appalachian, Marcellus Shale, natural gas occurs in three ways: within the pore spaces of the shale, within natural vertical fractures or joints in the shale, and adsorbed to mineral grains and organic materials within the shale . Most of the recoverable gas is located in the pore spaces, but because the pores are tiny and insular, extracting gas from them is difficult. Because of shale’s low permeability, the vertical wells traditionally drilled in the Marcellus Shale and others yielded gas at a slow rate . Geologists noticed, however, that the most successful wells shared a common trait: a wellbore that intersects numerous fractures in the shale. These fractures in turn intersect oth... ...n the US has been in practice for a really long time and the percentage of proven environmental impacts caused by fracking are low. In a University of Texas study an estimate of approx. 1 million oil and gas wells have been drilled and fracked. News reports, public debates and environmental groups all have their respective facts and figure of the impact of fracking to the environment. There have been peer-reviewed scientific reports into the potential impacts of fracking but these studies show that risk of leakage for instance is dependent on the quality and integrity of the borehole casing and cement job rather than what is brought about by fracking. Other environmental impacts are dependent on the logistics and extraction plan. 1. Ground water contamination This is the most discussed issue raised about fracking, it is also the most serious environmental concern

Deception Point Page 51

â€Å"A decade. And not only is the NASA space station not yet fully operational, but the project so far has cost twenty times your bid. As an American taxpayer, I am sickened.† A grumble of agreement circled the room. Sexton let his eyes move, reconnecting with the group. â€Å"I am well aware,† the senator said, addressing everyone now, â€Å"that several of your companies have offered to launch private space shuttles for as little as fifty million dollars per flight.† More nods. â€Å"And yet NASA undercuts you by charging only thirty-eight million dollars per flight†¦ even though their actual per flight cost is over one hundred and fifty million dollars!† â€Å"It's how they keep us out of space,† one of the men said. â€Å"The private sector cannot possibly compete with a company that can afford to run shuttle flights at a four hundred percent loss and still stay in business.† â€Å"Nor should you have to,† Sexton said. Nods all around. Sexton turned now to the austere entrepreneur beside him, a man whose file Sexton had read with interest. Like many of the entrepreneurs funding Sexton's campaign, this man was a former military engineer who had become disillusioned with low wages and government bureaucracy and had abandoned his military post to seek his fortune in aerospace. â€Å"Kistler Aerospace,† Sexton said, shaking his head in despair. â€Å"Your company has designed and manufactured a rocket that can launch payloads for as little as two thousand dollars per pound compared to NASA's costs of ten thousand dollars per pound.† Sexton paused for effect. â€Å"And yet you have no clients.† â€Å"Why would I have any clients?† the man replied. â€Å"Last week NASA undercut us by charging Motorola only eight hundred and twelve dollars per pound to launch a telecomm satellite. The government launched that satellite at a nine hundred percent loss!† Sexton nodded. Taxpayers were unwittingly subsidizing an agency that was ten times less efficient than its competition. â€Å"It has become painfully clear,† he said, his voice darkening, â€Å"that NASA is working very hard to stifle competition in space. They crowd out private aerospace businesses by pricing services below market value.† â€Å"It's the Wal-Marting of space,† the Texan said. Damn good analogy, Sexton thought. I'll have to remember that. Wal-Mart was notorious for moving into a new territory, selling products below market value, and driving all local competition out of business. â€Å"I'm goddamned sick and tired,† the Texan said, â€Å"of having to pay millions in business taxes so Uncle Sam can use that money to steal my clients!† â€Å"I hear you,† Sexton said. â€Å"I understand.† â€Å"It's the lack of corporate sponsorships that's killing Rotary Rocket,† a sharply dressed man said. â€Å"The laws against sponsorship are criminal!† â€Å"I couldn't agree more.† Sexton had been shocked to learn that another way NASA entrenched its monopoly of space was by passing federal mandates banning advertisements on space vehicles. Instead of allowing private companies to secure funding through corporate sponsorships and advertising logos-the way, for example, professional race car drivers did-space vehicles could only display the words USA and the company name. In a country that spent $185 billion a year on advertising, not one advertising dollar ever found its way into the coffers of private space companies. â€Å"It's robbery,† one of the men snapped. â€Å"My company hopes to stay in business long enough to launch the country's first tourist-shuttle prototype next May. We expect enormous press coverage. The Nike Corporation just offered us seven million in sponsorship dollars to paint the Nike swoosh and ‘Just do it!' on the side of the shuttle. Pepsi offered us twice that for ‘Pepsi: The choice of a new generation.' But according to federal law, if our shuttle displays advertising, we are prohibited from launching it!† â€Å"That's right,† Senator Sexton said. â€Å"And if elected, I will work to abolish that antisponsorship legislation. That is a promise. Space should be open for advertising the way every square inch of earth is open to advertising.† Sexton gazed out now at his audience, his eyes locking in, his voice growing solemn. â€Å"We all need to be aware, however, that the biggest obstacle to privatization of NASA is not laws, but rather, it is public perception. Most Americans still hold a romanticized view of the American space program. They still believe NASA is a necessary government agency.† â€Å"It's those goddamned Hollywood movies!† one man said. â€Å"How many NASA-saves-the-world-from-a-killer-asteroid movies can Hollywood make, for Christ's sake? It's propaganda!† The plethora of NASA movies coming out of Hollywood, Sexton knew, was simply a matter of economics. Following the wildly popular movie Top Gun-a Tom Cruise jet pilot blockbuster that played like a two-hour advertisement for the U.S. Navy-NASA realized the true potential of Hollywood as a public relations powerhouse. NASA quietly began offering film companies free filming access to all of NASA's dramatic facilities-launchpads, mission control, training facilities. Producers, who were accustomed to paying enormous on-site licensing fees when they filmed anywhere else, jumped at the opportunity to save millions in budget costs by making NASA thrillers on â€Å"free† sets. Of course, Hollywood only got access if NASA approved the script. â€Å"Public brainwashing,† a Hispanic grunted. â€Å"The movies aren't half as bad as the publicity stunts. Sending a senior citizen into space? And now NASA is planning an all-female shuttle crew? All for publicity!† Sexton sighed, his tone turning tragic. â€Å"True, and I know I don't have to remind you what happened back in the eighties when the Department of Education was bankrupt and cited NASA as wasting millions that could be spent on education. NASA devised a PR stunt to prove NASA was education-friendly. They sent a public school teacher into space.† Sexton paused. â€Å"You all remember Christa McAuliffe.† The room fell silent. â€Å"Gentlemen,† Sexton said, stopping dramatically in front of the fire. â€Å"I believe it is time Americans understood the truth, for the good of all of our futures. It's time Americans understand that NASA is not leading us skyward, but rather is stifling space exploration. Space is no different than any other industry, and keeping the private sector grounded verges on a criminal act. Consider the computer industry, in which we see such an explosion of progress that we can barely keep up from week to week! Why? Because the computer industry is a free-market system: It rewards efficiency and vision with profits. Imagine if the computer industry were government-run? We would still be in the dark ages. We're stagnating in space. We should put space exploration into the hands of the private sector where it belongs. Americans would be stunned by the growth, jobs, and realized dreams. I believe we should let the free-market system spur us to new heights in space. If elected, I will make it my personal mission to unlock the doors to the final frontier and let them swing wide open.† Sexton lifted his snifter of cognac. â€Å"My friends, you came here tonight to decide if I am someone worthy of your trust. I hope I am on the way to earning it. In the same way it takes investors to build a company, it takes investors to build a presidency. In the same way corporate stockholders expect returns, you as political investors expect returns. My message to you tonight is simple: Invest in me, and I will never forget you. Ever. Our missions are one and the same.† Sexton extended his glass toward them in a toast. â€Å"With your help, my friends, soon I will be in the White House†¦ and you will all be launching your dreams.†